مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید صدوقی یزد
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 84، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1391)

Atherosclerotic heart diseases are the most important causes of mortality in most countries. ABCG1 transporter is responsible for making and forming of HDL particles and therefore probably plays a crucial role in prevention of atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two types of a single-session exercise (aerobic and resistance) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMN) ABCG1 gene expression in female athletes. Twenty four female athletes from Khorasan were randomly selected and assigned into three groups: control (N=8), aerobic (AE) (N=8), and resistance (RE) (N=8). Blood samples of subjects were collected before and after exercise sessions. PBMN cells were separated and m-RNA purification was performed by semi-quantitative PCR. Data was analyzed by paired sample T test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests by SPSS software (version 16). Results showed that expression of PBMN ABCG1 m-RNA was significantly increased following a single-session exercise in RE and AE groups, but the increase in the RE group was higher than AE group (P ≤0.001 vs. P ≤0.014). It can be concluded that either resistance or aerobic exercise increases the expression of ABCG1 gene on PBMN cells in female athletes which leads to an improvement in reverse cholesterol transfer and cardiovascular benefits.

Regarding the increasing use of silicon dioxide nanoparticles in medical biotechnology and probable side effects and diseases resulting from its usage, this study was performed to assess the toxic effects of different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles on human blood mononuclear leukocytes using the MTT assay. In this laboratory trial study, we prepared suspensions of blood mononuclear cells from 10 young healthy men and also different concentrations of the nanoparticles (1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500µg/mL). The cells were then incubated with these nanoparticles for 24 hours at 37 °c, and finally the percent of dead cells were measured by MTT assay kit using spectrophotometer reading at 490 nm after 6 and 24 hours of incubation. Positive and negative controls and blanking were applied, too. A significant difference was found in percent of dead cells between the different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles and also between the exposed cells and control group (p<0.05). There was increasing cytotoxicity in 6 hours as well as 24 hours exposure with higher concentrations of the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity after 24 hours exposure to 10 µg/mL of nanoparticles was about 6 times that of the 1 µg/mL. This study showed for the first time that SiO2 with a concentration of 1 µg/mL has cytotoxicity on human blood mononuclear cells. Cytotoxic effects of this nanoparticle are time- and concentration-dependent.

Most current evidence suggests the risk of left atrial and or auricular thrombi(LA &LAA) in patients with atrial flutter rhythm is similar to patients with atrial fibrillation, but there is still uncertainty in the risk level and the patient's need to receive anticoagulant therapy. Different studies report various frequencies for atrial thrombi and left atrial spontaneous echo-contrast. This is important to identify patients with LA or LAA clot before applying electrical or medical cardioversion. At present, there is not absolute agreement about the best strategy in patients with AFL before cardioversion. The present study focuses on assessing the risk. This research was a case series on patients referred to Shahid Rajaee Heart Center(Tehran-Iran) in a 2 year period. We performed TEE for all of the patients with AFL rhythm and duration of more than 48h, without any contraindication for TEE. Then, presence or absence of LA and LAA thrombi was evaluated. Among total cases of about 110 individuals, 40 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria and entered to our evaluation. Average age of patients was 48.4 years. Forty percent of them were females and 60% were males. Four patients(10%) had LA or LAA thrombi. In respect to underlying diseases, all positive cases had a history of rheumatic heart disease(100%). Among these patients, severe MS was the most prevalent disease(71%). Prevalence of LA or LAA clot among patients with severe MS was 40%. Although, we found10% prevalence in LA or LAA clot in patients With AFL, this prevalence was prominent in patients with rheumatic heart disease as the underlying disease. This rate was significant in patients with severe MS. Indeed we didnt find any LA or LLA clot in patients with AFL and other underlying disorders. We advise paying attention only to this group of patients before electrical or medical cardioversion and exclude other underlying diseases for evaluation of LA or LAA clot by TEE before cardioversion.

Essential oils and extracts from medicinal plants are regarded as natural food preservatives and health promoting drugs. Considering their antioxidant activity, most of them can prevent oxidative stress. The present study was aimed to evaluate free radicals scavenging activity of essential oils and different fractions of methanol extracts from cinnamon, pennyroyal, black cumin, sage, rosemary and azkand. Antioxidant property of essential oils and different fractions of these medicinal plants was studied by determining their DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals scavenging activity. There were significant differences among the free radical scavenging activity of studied essential oils and different fractions. Ethyl acetate fractions were identified as the most active fractions than other ones and even synthetic antioxidant (BHT, IC50 value of 239.5μg/ml) with the highest activity in Mentha pulegium (47.2 μg/ml μg/ml). Among others, n-hexane fraction of rosemary (969 μg/ml), dichloromethane fraction of rosemary (205.46 μg/ml) and zatar (344 μg/ml) and aqueous fractions of cinnamon (117.6 μg/ml) and sage (321.3 μg/ml) exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity. Regarding considerable activity of studied extracts, they have the potential to be used as natural antioxidants in relevant industries.

Parents interaction styles with children or teens have an important impact on shaping their character and mental health and the incidence of some psychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to predict anxiety thought and obsessive - compulsive symptoms of the adolescents based on parent's parenting styles. This was a descriptive study. 180 male students in Marand were selected by cluster random sampling. We used Baumrind parents parenting style questionnaire, Wales anxiety thoughts questionnaire and Maudsley obsessive- compulsive questionnaire. Data was analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Data analysis showed that obsessive- compulsive symptoms and anxiety ideas were positively related to the authoritarian and permissive parenting styles and negatively related to authoritative parenting style. Parenting style is able to predict the level of obsessive - compulsive symptoms and adolescent anxiety ideas. The results showed that parent's parenting style is one of the influencing factors on adolescent health. Parents with authoritative parenting style, have the children with lower obsessive - compulsive symptoms and anxious thoughts.

Based on data from recent trials, peginterferon and ribavirin combination therapy is the standard of care in treating patients with chronic HCV infection, but because of high costs, many patients may deprive from treatment. We conducted a clinical trial on HCV patients in Yazd in gastroenterology clinic. Thirty patients received conventional subcutaneous interferon alfa-2b (PDferon B®,PooyeshDarou, Tehran, Iran) at a dose of 3 million units three times per week plus oral ribavirin 1000 mg, and 30 patients received PEG IFN -2a (Pegasys: Roche company)180 mcg weekly plus ribavirin 1000 mg/day. Patients with genotype 1 were treated for 48 weeks and those with genotypes 2 and 3 were treated for 24 weeks. Ribavirin was used according to weight based regimen. Sustained virological response(SVR) was the primary objective outcome. Two groups were matched for age, sex and BMI. Three females and fifty seven males participated in the study. SVR was 93.3% in peginterferon group and 90% in conventional interferon group regardless of genotype. Frequency of genotype 1a, 1b, and 3a was 51.7 %, 3.3%, and 36.7%, respectively and in 8.3% of cases genotype was undetermined. SVR in peginterferon group with genotype 1a, 1b, 3a and undetermined genotype was 94.4%, 100%, 87.55 and 100%, respectively. SVR in conventional group with genotype 1a, 1b, 3a and undetermined genotype was 92.3%, -, 85.7% and 100%, respectively. SVR was not significantly different between two groups (p= 1). There wasnt a significant difference between two groups regarding response to treatment or side effects. The treatment cost was 3.240.000 Rls and 36.000.000 Rls in conventional interferon and peginterferon groups, respectively. This study showed a continuous and acceptable response to treatment with conventional interferon and ribavirin.

The recently introduced technique of warm heart surgery may be a very effective method of myocardial protection. Although the systemic effects of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass are well known, the effects of warm heart surgery are not. In a prospective trial, 60 patients undergoing an elective coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly allocated to normothermic(30 patients) and hypothermic(30 patients) group and assessments regarding renal, respiratory and neurologic complications and bleeding volume was done. Resulst: Eighty percent of hypothermic group and 86% of normothermic group were males (p=0/36). Mean age was 56.4 and 56.1 years in hypothermic and normothermic groups, respectively. Groups had similar central temperature, shivering, nipride usage, intake and output, bleeding volume, neurologic complications and ICU staying(p>0/05) but inotrop usage and incidence of phrenic nerve palsy were higher in hypothermic group(p<0/05). Hypothermic procedure leads to a lower rate of respiratory complications, therefore we recommend replacing hypothermic procedure by normothermic one.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, which imposes a large burden on the health care system. Due to increasing frequency of depression, present research was performed to evaluate the frequency of depression and its relationship to exercise in women in Yazd. This was a descriptive study. In this study, 200 women over 20 years old entered the study. One hundred subjects were athletes and100 were non-athletes. They were selected by stratified random sampling. Beck Depression Inventory was used to determine the frequency of depression in women. T-test was used for data analysis. Results showed that the frequency of depression was different between athletic and non-athletic women. Mean depression scores for athletic women were lower than non-athletes. There was a significant difference regarding the frequency of depression between women in individual and team sports. Athletic women with higher duration of exercising showed less depression than other athletes. It can be concluded from the study that exercise in everyday life can be effective in reducing the frequency of depression in women.

Mycophenolic acid(MPA), a fungal mycotoxin, is produced by Penicillium brevicompactum and is used for the synthesis of immunosuppressive drugs in pharmaceutical industries. The present study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of mycophenolic acid(MPA) production by standard strains of P. brevicompactum at laboratory level. Three strains of P. brevicompactum were provided from microbial culture collections. To stimulate MPA production, barley was used as culture medium, and dry heat, wet heat, and gamma radiation were used to sterilize the culture medium. Samples were taken from the culture medium at different intervals, and their MPA level was assessed by HPLC method. P. brevicompactum strain which was prepared from Finland(VTT D-061157) was able to produce MPA more than two other strains(from Germany and Iran). The amount of MPA enhanced linearly until day 10, and after that became relatively constant. Gamma radiation was a suitable method to sterilize the substrate, and nylon bags were evaluated as an easy and cheap container for growing the fungus. Production of MPA with simple and cheap culture media to provide primary substance for immunosuppressive drugs such as mycophenolate mofetile and sodium mycophenolate would be possible.

Diabetes mellitus has extensive oral consequences which could be referred to changes of saliva properties. The purpose of this study was to compare the pH of un-stimulated whole saliva between diabetic patients that referred to diabetes center of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi university and non- diabetic persons. In this Case- control study, the population consisted of 60 persons in 2 groups: Thirty diabetic patients(type 2) and 30 non-diabetic persons. Two patients of case group were excluded from study due to inconsistency of their salivary pH and pH paper. Sampling from saliva was performed after 2 hours of abstinence from eating and smoking. Then pH of samples was measured by the pH paper that was scored from 5.5 to 8. After that blood sample was taken for measuring FBS. Data from 2 groups was analyzed using t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation by SPSS software(ver. 12). Mean pH in case and control groups was 6.11 ±0.57 and 6.66±0.64, respectively. The results showed that pH of un-stimulated whole saliva in diabetic patients was significantly lower than control group(P=0.001). pH of un-stimulated whole saliva in diabetic patients was lower than non-diabetic persons and pH of un-stimulated whole saliva had a reverse relationship with FBS(P=0.031).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between metacognitive components and dysfunctional attitudes in outpatients with bipolar mood disorder II. Thirty-six young adult outpatients with current diagnoses of BMD II(20 females and 16 males) were recruited from Esfahan Counseling Center. Diagnoses were based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorder-Clinical Version(SCID-CV). A battery of questionnaires including Metacognition Questionnaire and Dysfunctional Attitude Scale(DAS) were self-assessed by patients before medical therapy. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the components of metacognition and its relationship with dysfunctional attitudes is positive and significant(r= 28/0, p<0/05). Multiple regression analysis showed that two of the metacognitive components emerged as potentially useful in prediction of dysfunctional attitudes(negative beliefs about uncontrollability, danger and thoughts control). Also, results indicated that those two components have a significant positive relationship with vulnerability, perfectionism and effectiveness)R²= 0/29, 0/35; p<0/05). Components of positive beliefs about worry and beliefs about cognitive self-consciousness related to cognitive confidence in predicting the criterion variable and its components showed no significant contribution. Study findings suggest that DSM-IV BMD II outpatients with metacognitive distortions have shown higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes.

Access to modern methods for increasing the percentage of in vitro human and animal mature oocytes can be useful in the treatment of some forms of human infertility as well as proliferation of many domestic and wild animals which generation is endangered. Effect of low- frequency electromagnetic fields on in vitro growth and maturation of mouse oocytes is recently considered as a new approach. In this study we evaluated the effect of low- frequency electromagnetic field on in vitro growth and maturation of mouse oocyte. In this study electromagnetic fields with frequencies of 5, 50 and 100 Hz and 2mT intensity were used. For observation of the effect of electromagnetic field four groups were selected: Group 1 as control group, which included 35 prenatal follicles (immature oocytes). Groups 2, 3 and 4were exposed to 5, 50 and 100 Hz electromagnetic fields, respectively. Prenatal follicles exposed to 5 and 50 Hz frequencies showed no significant changes in diameter and survival rates. In contrast at a frequency of 100 Hz in 72-hour culture period a significant increase in diameter(155μm), follicles livability power(59%), oocyte maturation(52%) and GVBD(39%) was shown in comparison to other experimental groups and control group(P <0.05). Low-frequency magnetic field effects gene expression and thus protein synthesis, cell division, proliferation and behavior. Although this effect can be temporary, it can increase the percentage of ovulation for in vitro environment along with other environmental factors.

Gastric cancer is considered as one of the most prevalent cancers, such that in our country it is on the top of prevalent cancers. Because of the high prevalence of this cancer in north of Iran, in spite of its incidence decrease in many regions of the world, we decided to determine the epidemiological and malignancy properties of gastric cancer in this region This research is a descriptive study (based on existing data). The study population consisted of gastric cancer patients referred to oncology clinic at Ramsar Imam Sajjad hospital during 2002- 2009. Necessary information was extracted from their medical files and pathology reports, and statistically analyzed. In this Study, 144 patients were assessed (103 males and 47 females). In 95.8% of patients, tumor was adenocarcinoma. In 45.1% tumor was located in antrum. In 48.6% tumor was poorly differentiated. 72.9% of subjects had positive lymphatic involvement. There was metastatic involvement in 31.9% of patients, and the most common organ for metastasis was liver. 46.5% of Patients were in stage 4 at the time of referring to hospital and in 38.2% of cases tumor has been progressed to T2 Level. By considering this fact that most referring patients (46.5%) were in stage 4 when were diagnosed and had poorly differentiated carcinoma, it is recommended that people should consider abdominal discomfort as a serious problem and do necessary diagnostic methods especially in ages above 45 years with especial emphasis on early diagnosis of disease and reduction of death rate for at risk population.

Chickenpox is a contagious febrile illness with rash that is caused by varicella zoster virus. Most children up to age 15 are infected with the virus. Scarlet fever is caused by erythrogenic toxin of streptococcus group A and usually causes skin reactions such as fine red and often itchy papules on the trunk and extremities as well as skin redness, especially on the groin and forearm. Case: Patient is a 3-year-old girl that two days after chickenpox while she had active lesions of the chickenpox, was infected with scarlet fever. Skin lesions at different stages along with the clinical symptoms confirmed the diagnosis of chickenpox. Chickenpox is a febrile illness, more contagious and associated with the rash, which rarely has been reported with scarlet fever. Macular lesions spreading all over the body especially the trunk, with strawberry red tongue and exudative lesions of tonsils with good response to penicillin confirmed the complication of scarlet fever following chickenpox. Rarely scarlet fever is a complication of chickenpox and symptoms of both conditions may be seen simultaneously. Considering that diagnosis of both diseases are based on clinical findings, so physicians should start the appropriate treatment if they have clinical suspicion.